Box 1.1 Psychological well-being an

专栏1.1心理健康和生化反应<br>已进行了许多研究，证明了压力与健康之间的联系。但是，人们越来越关注探索工作计划和预算与健康之间的积极联系。<br>迄今为止，已经证明了适度的结果模式，特别是关于皮质醇和白介素6的水平。由于样本量相对较小，应谨慎对待研究结果（大多数也采用较老的方法进行）<br>女性），但仍然令人发指。<br>皮质醇，“压力激素”，在人体的战斗或逃跑反应中大量分泌，为我们提供了快速的能量爆发，增强的记忆功能以及对疼痛的较低敏感性，从而使人体做好了应对感知压力的准备。在持续的高压或慢性压力下无法放松后，血液中皮质醇水平的升高与不良的健康结果有关，例如认知<br>功能受损，肌肉组织减少和腹部脂肪增加。幸运的是，人们发现难以放松的各种技术可以用来降低血液中皮质醇的水平（例如运动，听音乐或呼吸运动）。<br>最近的两项研究证明了eudaimonic PWB对皮质醇水平的积极作用。一生中目标水平较高的参与者开始时的皮质醇水平较低，而一天中的皮质醇水平却低于<br>幸福感较低（目标和成长水平较低）的参与者，显然可以保护他们免受高水平的负面影响血液中的水平。<br>白细胞介素6（IL-6）是一种细胞因子，一种调节身体对引起炎症的疾病的免疫反应的信使蛋白。IL-6的过量生产或不适当生产通常与压力有关，而高水平的IL-6与包括心脏病，II型糖尿病和某些癌症的疾病有关。认为这部分是由于压力大的人从事不健康的行为，例如暴饮暴食的脂肪食物和吸烟会激活炎症反应，将过量的IL-6释放到血液中。还进行了研究，表明经历过急性心理压力的人的IL-6水平较高，这表明它不仅与慢性压力有关。<br>关于高水平的幸福感可能产生的积极影响，尽管有非常有限的样本，一些早期证据表明，高水平的eudaimonic幸福感（生活目的）与较低水平的幸福感相关。炎症反应。这种关联如何运作尚不清楚；但是，这是一个令人鼓舞和发展的研究领域。

方框1.1 心理健康与生化反应<br>许多研究都表明压力和健康之间是联系的。然而，人们越来越有兴趣探索PWB与健康之间的积极联系。已证明一种适度的结果模式<br>迄今为止，特别是与皮质醇和白细胞素6的水平有关。虽然由于样本量相对较小，在过分强调结果时应谨慎行事（大多数样本量也较旧）<br>妇女），这是发人深省，尽管如此。<br>皮质醇，"压力激素"，在身体的战斗或飞行反应的高水平中分泌，为我们提供了快速爆发的能量，增强的记忆功能和较低的敏感性疼痛等，准备身体对感知到的压力源作出反应。血液中皮质醇水平长期升高，由于持续高压或慢性压力后不能放松，与认知受损等负面健康结果有关<br>功能，减少肌肉组织和增加腹部脂肪。幸运的是，有各种技术，人们谁发现很难放松，可用于降低他们的血液中皮质醇水平（如运动，听音乐或呼吸练习）。<br>最近的两项研究表明，尤代莫尼普他服用的PWB对皮质醇水平有积极影响。具有更高目的的参与者开始一天与较低的皮质醇水平， 保持较低的一整天<br>比那些低健康水平（以及较低的目的和生长水平），显然保护他们免受血液中高水平的负面影响。<br>白细胞素6（IL-6）是一种细胞因子，一种信使蛋白，调节身体对引起炎症的疾病的免疫反应。IL-6的生产过剩或生产不当通常与压力有关，而高浓度的IL-6又与心脏病、II型糖尿病和某些类型的癌症等疾病有关。这被认为发生的部分原因是有压力的人从事不健康的行为，例如暴食脂肪食品和吸烟，激活炎症反应，释放多余的IL-6进入血液中。研究还表明，在经历急性心理压力期的人中，IL-6水平较高，这表明它不仅与慢性压力有关。<br>关于高幸福水平可能产生的积极影响，有一些早期证据表明，尽管样本非常有限，表明高水平的安乐死幸福（生命的目的）与较低的炎症反应水平有关。这种关联如何运作尚不清楚;然而，这是一个令人鼓舞的和发展研究领域。

Box 1.1 Psychological well-being and the biochemical responseMany studies have been conducted demonstrating the link between stress and health. However, there is a growing interest in exploring the positive links between PWB and health. A modest pattern of results has been demonstratedto date, specifically in relation to levels of Cortisol and Interleukin 6. Whilst caution should be exercised in placing too much emphasis on the findings due to the relatively small sample sizes (most have also been conducted with olderwomen), it is thought provoking nonetheless.Cortisol, the “stress hormone”, is secreted in high levels in the body’s fight or flight response, providing us with a quick burst of energy, heightened memory functions and lower sensitivity to pain among others, preparing the body to respond to perceived stressors. Prolonged levels of Cortisol in the blood, as a result of a failure to relax after a sustained period of high pressure or chronic stress, are associated with negative health outcomes such as impaired cognitivefunctioning, decreased muscle tissue and increased abdominal fat. Fortunately, there are various techniques that people who find it hard to relax can use to lower the level of Cortisol in their bloodstream (e.g. exercise, listening to music or breathing exercises).Two recent studies have demonstrated the positive effect of eudaimonic PWB on Cortisol levels. Participants with higher levels of purpose in their life started the day with lower Cortisol levels that stayed lower throughout the daythan those with lower levels of well-being (and lower levels of purpose and growth), apparently protecting them from the negative effects of high levels inthe bloodstream.Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, a messenger protein that regulates the body’s immune response to disease causing inflammation. Overproduction or inappropriate production of IL-6 is often associated with stress, and in turn high levels of IL-6 are associated with diseases including heart disease, type-II diabetes and some kinds of cancers. This is believed to occur in part because stressed people engage in unhealthy behaviors, e.g. overeating fatty food and smoking which activate the inflammatory response, releasing excess IL-6 into the bloodstream. Studies have also been conducted that demonstrate higher levels of IL-6 in people who have experienced an acute period of psychological stress suggesting it is not just associated with chronic stress. In relation to the positive impact high levels of well-being might have, there is some early evidence, albeit with a very restricted sample, to suggest that high levels of eudaimonic well-being (purpose in life) are associated with lower levels of the inflammatory response. Quite how this association works is not clear; however, it is an encouraging and developing field of research.<br>