G*Power 3.1.9.4 was used to calcula

G*Power 3.1.9.4 was used to calculate the required sample size [18]. A priori power analysis suggested that 206 patients were required in total sample size to achieve statistical significance of 0.05 and 90% power to detect a moderate effect size (0.25) based on mean differences among three groups with different stoma status. Of 325 patients invited to participate, 13 were ineligible owing to cognitive impairment and low KPS score. Twenty patients refused to participate in the study owing to lack of interest and time. A total of 292 participants consented and began completing the questionnaires. Ten questionnaires containing incomplete data (less than 85% response rate) were excluded. The final sample consisted of 282 (96.6%) patients.