A retrospective cohort from collected from 2010 to 2018 was analysed. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) histological diagnosis of HCC; (2) HR or LT received as primary therapy; (3) preoperative four-phase contrastenhanced computed tomography (CT) performed 2 months at most before LT or HR; and (4) available postoperative pathologic specimens. Details about pathological assessment of MVI and CT imaging protocol are shown in Supplemental methods.