Results of some animal physiological studies suggest that changes occur in V1 in association with task-relevant VPL. As a result of training on an orientation discrimination task, slopes of the limbs of tuning curves of neuronsmost sensitive to differences in the discriminated orientations in monkey V1 increased (Schoups et al. 2001). In another study, although neither basic receptive field properties nor visual topography was changed in association with VPL, the influence of contextual stimuli placed outside the receptive field showed a change consistent with results of the trained discrimination