Microbiology has been largely devel

由于培养基的发现和优化，微生物学在很大程度上得到了发展。第一个液体人工培养基<br>是由路易斯巴斯德于 1860 年创造的。 此前，人们已经观察到细菌在日常材料（如某些食物）上的生长。这些<br>观察结果强调了细菌的自然环境及其营养需求在<br>培养基开发中的重要性，以分离它们。培养基基本上由基本元素（水、营养物）组成，必须向其中添加<br>不同的生长因子，这些因子对每种细菌都是特定的，并且是它们生长所必需的。<br>细菌培养通过用于其培养的培养基的进化始于第一个固体培养基的开发<br>Koch，不仅可以产生细菌菌落，还可以纯化细菌克隆。<br>固体培养基中使用的主要胶凝剂是琼脂。然而，由于一些对氧非常敏感的<br>细菌不能在琼脂培养基上生长，因此在琼脂的使用中观察到了一些限制，并提出并测试了其他替代方案。然后，抗菌剂<br>及其特定靶点的发现促使选择性培养基的出现。这些抑制剂可以<br>从微生物群中消除不需要的细菌并选择所需的细菌。由于对细菌环境有了更好的了解，这将是<br>可以开发新的培养基和新的培养条件，更好地适应某些难以分离的苛求细菌。<br>© 2019 作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。

Microbiology has been largely developed thanks to the discovery and optimization of culture media. The first liquid artificial culture mediumwas created by Louis Pasteur in 1860. Previously, bacterial growth on daily materials such as some foods had been observed. Theseobservations highlighted the importance of the bacteria’s natural environment and their nutritional needs in the development of culturemedia for their isolation. A culture medium is essentially composed of basic elements (water, nutrients), to which must be addeddifferent growth factors that will be specific to each bacterium and necessary for their growth.The evolution of bacterial culture through the media used for their culture began with the development of the first solid culture medium byKoch, allowing not only the production of bacterial colonies, but also the possibility of purifying a bacterial clone. The main gelling agent usedin solid culture media is agar. However, some limits have been observed in the use of agar because of some extremely oxygen-sensitivebacteria that do not grow on agar media, and other alternatives were proposed and tested. Then, the discovery of antimicrobial agentsand their specific targets prompted the emergence of selective media. These inhibiting agents make it possible to eliminate undesirablebacteria from the microbiota and select the bacteria desired. Thanks to a better knowledge of the bacterial environment, it will bepossible to develop new culture media and new culture conditions, better adapted to certain fastidious bacteria that are difficult to isolate.© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.<br>

微生物学的发展主要得益于培养基的发现和优化。第一液体人工培养基是由路易斯·巴斯德于1860年创造的。此前，已经观察到细菌在日常材料如一些食物上生长。这些观察强调了细菌的自然环境及其营养需求在培养发展中的重要性媒体对他们的孤立。培养基基本上由基本元素(水、营养物质)组成，必须添加这些元素不同的生长因子对每种细菌都是特定的，并且是它们生长所必需的。细菌培养物通过用于其培养的培养基的进化始于第一个固体培养基的发展，其通过科赫，不仅允许细菌菌落的产生，还允许纯化细菌克隆的可能性。使用的主要胶凝剂在固体培养基中是琼脂。然而，在琼脂的使用中已经观察到一些限制，因为一些极其氧敏感不在琼脂培养基上生长的细菌，以及其他替代品被提出并测试。然后，抗菌剂的发现他们的特定目标促使了选择性媒体的出现。这些抑制剂可以消除不希望的从微生物群中选择细菌，并选择所需的细菌。由于对细菌环境有了更好的了解，它将是有可能开发新的培养基和新的培养条件，更好地适应某些难以分离的苛求细菌。2019作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版