nfection associated with the use of urinary catheters is a pervasive and challenging issue in healthcare [1e6]. There are over 30 million urinary catheters used annually in the USA and catheterassociated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common type of nosocomial infections, which account for 30e40% of all hospital infections and lead to over 50,000 deaths each year [7,8]