(3) One step of defect construction can be realized by appropriate means, that is, introducing the formation mechanism of defects in the synthesis process, so that the final material itself contains defects. Hydrothermal solvothermal method is a very widely used method in the preparation of nanomaterials at present. By adjusting various parameters in the synthesis process (such as temperature, time, feeding concentration, adding surface modifier, etc.), controllable synthesis of phase, size, morphology and other aspects can be realized [7]. Similarly, we can also realize the construction of defects by controlling the synthesis conditions.<br>
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