3.9 Side reactions Newcomers to solid phase peptide synthesis reading any review on the subject may be forgiven for believing that the technique is fraught with difficulties and that it is virtually impossible to prepare any peptide without encountering major side-reactions. Side-reactions do certainly occur, but most are well documented and can be generally avoided by careful planning of the synthesis and by the appropriate selection of protecting groups and resin linker. The side-reactions that can occur during chain assembly are listed in Table 6; those associated with the cleavage reaction are given in Chapter 3, Table 5. Aspartimide formation requires special mention as this is the side-reaction most likely to be encountered in routine synthesis, the others being normally only observed if the recommendations given in this and subsequent chapters are not followed. The reaction involves attack of the nitrogen attached to the a-carboxy group of aspartic acid or asparagine on the side-chain ester or amide group respectively, resulting in formation of a five-membered imide. This intermediate can suffer a number of fates: it can undergo ring opening with piperidine during Fmoc-removal, leading to formation of the corresponding a- and p-piperidides, or it can survive cleavage from the resin, to later hydrolyse in solution, giving the corresponding a- and p-aspartyl peptides (Figure 10). The reaction is highly sequence dependent, but occurs most frequently with peptides containing the Asp(OtBu)-X motif, where X = Asn(Trt), Gly, Ser, Thr (76). This has particular implications in post-synthetic global phosphorylation strategies where Ser and Thr are commonly incorporated without side-chain protection. The only completely effective solution to this problem involves temporary protection of the nitrogen of the preceding residue, which is most easily achieved by incorporating an Af-Hmbprotected amino acid before the problematic Asp or Asn residue (77). The W-Hmb group offers complete protection against the generation of aspartimides during chain assembly but is removed in the course of the standard TFA-mediated cleavage reaction. The preparation and use of N,O-bisFmocAf-Hmb-amino acids are described in Chapter 5.3.10 Cleavage reaction The cleavage of peptides from acid-sensitive linkers is discussed in Chapter 3, Section 10; cleavage with nucleophiles from hydroxymethylbenzoyl resins is dealt with in Chapter 6, Section 1.2.
3.9 Side reactions Newcomers to solid phase peptide synthesis reading any review on the subject may be forgiven for believing that the technique is fraught with difficulties and that it is virtually impossible to prepare any peptide without encountering major side-reactions. Side-reactions do certainly occur, but most are well documented and can be generally avoided by careful planning of the synthesis and by the appropriate selection of protecting groups and resin linker. The side-reactions that can occur during chain assembly are listed in Table 6; those associated with the cleavage reaction are given in Chapter 3, Table 5. Aspartimide formation requires special mention as this is the side-reaction most likely to be encountered in routine synthesis, the others being normally only observed if the recommendations given in this and subsequent chapters are not followed. The reaction involves attack of the nitrogen attached to the a-carboxy group of aspartic acid or asparagine on the side-chain ester or amide group respectively, resulting in formation of a five-membered imide. This intermediate can suffer a number of fates: it can undergo ring opening with piperidine during Fmoc-removal, leading to formation of the corresponding a- and p-piperidides, or it can survive cleavage from the resin, to later hydrolyse in solution, giving the corresponding a- and p-aspartyl peptides (Figure 10). The reaction is highly sequence dependent, but occurs most frequently with peptides containing the Asp(OtBu)-X motif, where X = Asn(Trt), Gly, Ser, Thr (76). This has particular implications in post-synthetic global phosphorylation strategies where Ser and Thr are commonly incorporated without side-chain protection. The only completely effective solution to this problem involves temporary protection of the nitrogen of the preceding residue, which is most easily achieved by incorporating an Af-Hmbprotected amino acid before the problematic Asp or Asn residue (77). The W-Hmb group offers complete protection against the generation of aspartimides during chain assembly but is removed in the course of the standard TFA-mediated cleavage reaction. The preparation and use of N,O-bisFmocAf-Hmb-amino acids are described in Chapter 5.<br>3.10 Cleavage reaction The cleavage of peptides from acid-sensitive linkers is discussed in Chapter 3, Section 10; cleavage with nucleophiles from hydroxymethylbenzoyl resins is dealt with in Chapter 6, Section 1.2.
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