However, many research situations d

However, many research situations do not involve comparinggroups, and many do not produce data that allow you to calculatemeans and variances. For example, a researcher can investigate therelationship between two variables (for example, IQ and creativ￾ity) by measuring both variables within a single group of individ￾uals. Also, the measurement procedure may not produce numericalscores. For example, participants can indicate their color prefer￾ences by simply picking a favorite color or by ranking severalchoices. Without numerical scores, it is impossible to calculatemeans and variances. Instead, the data consist of proportions orfrequencies. For example, a research study may investigate whatproportion of people select red as their favorite color and whetherthis proportion is different for introverted people compared withextroverted people.Notice that these new res