Bio-inspired materials are an impor

Bio-inspired materials are an important aspect of bio-inspired engineering. The fantastic micro/macro structures of bio-systemscontribute to the special functions of bio-systems in withstanding and adapting to the environment. Therefore, these structures andfunctions have provided enormous inspiration for designing materials with new structures and functions, resulting in the researchdirection – bio-inspired materials, an exciting research topic in the past twenty years [7–12].Furthermore, the structure-forming processes of bio-systems are equally fantastic, being performed in most cases at ambienttemperatures, unlike artificial synthetic processing, which require high temperatures or even pressure. Scientists are learning fromthese structure-forming processes of biosystems to develop fabrication techniques for materials, leading to the development of a newresearch direction – bioprocess-inspired fabrication [13–16]. It has been suggested that we can learn from natural bioprocesses todesign and develop novel fabrication technologies for new structures and functions [17–19].Nature has created various efficient bioprocesses (such as biomineralization, self-assembly, photosynthesis, molting, detoxification,cellular uptake, and other physiological processes) through billions of years of evolution and natural selection. Among thecolorful bioprocesses, biomineralization and photosynthesis are two typical natural processes which efficiently and accurately realizesynthesis and fabrication under environmental benign conditions. Biomineralization is the biological process that leads to the formationof hierarchically structured organic-inorganic composites (shells, bone, and teeth) that often show superior performances tothose of man-made counterparts [17]. The abilities to design and construct inorganic materials with specified crystal structure, size,shape orientation, and number of defects and to integrate these architectures in a highly ordered manner form the foundation foradvances in our man-made technologies [19].Photosynthesis is another intricate process that works at ambient temperature, and has biological light-harvesting capabilities ofconverting solar to chemical energy for the formation of chemicals necessary for the Earth’s life including plants and bacteria. Thenatural photosynthesis involves three major processes: light-harvesting and excitation, electron transfer, and redox reactions [20].Inspired, but not constrained, by natural photosynthesis, the concept and key factors of converting the energy of sunlight intochemical energy could be used to construct many advanced artificial photosynthetic systems. Additionally, the accurate reactions andprogramming in natural photosynthesis could also inspire the material scientists to develop new synthesis methods.

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仿生材料仿生工程的一个重要方面。生物系统的奇妙微观/宏观结构， 促进生物系统的特殊功能，在抵御和适应环境。因此，这些结构和 在过去的二十年[7-12]仿生材料，一个令人兴奋的研究课题-功能已经用于设计新的结构和功能材料，导致researchdirection提供了极大的灵感。 此外，被相等地奇妙，被在大多数情况下在环境进行生物系统的结构形成过程 的温度下，与人工合成的处理，这需要高温或压力均匀。科学家们从学习 生物系统的这些结构形成工艺发展的制造技术对材料，导致了新的发展 研究方向-生物过程启发的制造[13-16]。有人建议我们可以从自然生物工艺学 设计和开发新的结构和功能[17-19]新型制造技术。 性质已创建的各种生物过程效率（如生物矿化，自组装，光合作用，蜕皮，解毒， 通过亿万年进化和自然选择的细胞摄取，和其它生理过程）。间的 多彩生物过程，生物矿化和光合作用是两个典型的自然过程，其高效，准确地REALIZE 环境友好的条件下的合成和制造。生物矿化是生物过程，导致形成 分层结构的有机无机复合材料（壳，骨和牙齿）的，往往表现出优异的性能，以 那些人造的对应[17]。能力来设计和构建具有指定的晶体结构，尺寸，无机材料 形状取向，和缺陷数和到这些架构以高度有序的方式形式的基础为整合 在我们的人造技术[19]的进步。 光合作用是另一种复杂的过程，在环境温度下工作，并且具有生物捕光能力 将太阳能转化为化学能的必要的地球生命包括植物和细菌的化学物质的形成。的 自然光合作用涉及三个主要过程：捕光激发，电子转移，和氧化还原反应[20]。 启发，但不限制，通过自然界的光合作用，概念和阳光的能量转换成的关键因素 化学能可以被用来构建了许多先进的人工光合作用系统。此外，准确的反应和 编程自然界的光合作用也可能激发材料科学家开发新的合成方法。

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Bio-inspired materials are an important aspect of bio-inspired engineering. The fantastic micro/macro structures of bio-systems contribute to the special functions of bio-systems in withstanding and adapting to the environment. Therefore, these structures and functions have provided enormous inspiration for designing materials with new structures and functions, resulting in the researchdirection – bio-inspired materials, an exciting research topic in the past twenty years [7–12]. Furthermore, the structure-forming processes of bio-systems are equally fantastic, being performed in most cases at ambient temperatures, unlike artificial synthetic processing, which require high temperatures or even pressure. Scientists are learning from these structure-forming processes of biosystems to develop fabrication techniques for materials, leading to the development of a new research direction – bioprocess-inspired fabrication [13–16]. It has been suggested that we can learn from natural bioprocesses to design and develop novel fabrication technologies for new structures and functions [17–19]. Nature has created various efficient bioprocesses (such as biomineralization, self-assembly, photosynthesis, molting, detoxification, cellular uptake, and other physiological processes) through billions of years of evolution and natural selection. Among the colorful bioprocesses, biomineralization and photosynthesis are two typical natural processes which efficiently and accurately realize synthesis and fabrication under environmental benign conditions. Biomineralization is the biological process that leads to the formation of hierarchically structured organic-inorganic composites (shells, bone, and teeth) that often show superior performances to those of man-made counterparts [17]. The abilities to design and construct inorganic materials with specified crystal structure, size, shape orientation, and number of defects and to integrate these architectures in a highly ordered manner form the foundation for advances in our man-made technologies [19]. Photosynthesis is another intricate process that works at ambient temperature, and has biological light-harvesting capabilities of converting solar to chemical energy for the formation of chemicals necessary for the Earth’s life including plants and bacteria. The natural photosynthesis involves three major processes: light-harvesting and excitation, electron transfer, and redox reactions [20]. Inspired, but not constrained, by natural photosynthesis, the concept and key factors of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy could be used to construct many advanced artificial photosynthetic systems. Additionally, the accurate reactions and programming in natural photosynthesis could also inspire the material scientists to develop new synthesis methods.

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结果 (简体中文) 3:[复制]

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仿生材料是仿生工程的一个重要方面。生物系统奇妙的微观/宏观结构 有助于生物系统抵抗和适应环境的特殊功能。因此，这些结构和 功能为设计具有新结构和功能的材料提供了巨大的灵感，由此产生了研究方向——生物启发材料，这是过去20年里令人兴奋的研究课题[7-12]。 此外，生物系统的结构形成过程同样奇妙，在大多数情况下是在环境中进行的 温度，不像人工合成加工，需要高温甚至高压。科学家们正在学习 这些生物系统的结构形成过程发展了材料的制造技术，导致了一种新的 研究方向-生物工艺启发制造[13-16]。有人建议我们可以从自然生物过程中学习 为新的结构和功能设计和开发新的制造技术[17-19]。 大自然创造了各种有效的生物过程（如生物矿化、自我组装、光合作用、蜕皮、解毒， 细胞吸收和其他生理过程）通过数十亿年的进化和自然选择。在 丰富多彩的生物过程、生物矿化和光合作用是两种典型的自然过程 环境友好条件下的合成与制备。生物矿化是导致形成 具有层次结构的有机-无机复合材料（贝壳、骨头和牙齿），通常表现出优于 那些人造的副本[17]。具有设计和制造具有特定晶体结构、尺寸和结构的无机材料的能力， 形状取向和缺陷数量，并以高度有序的方式集成这些结构，形成了基础。 人类技术的进步[19]。 光合作用是另一个复杂的过程，在环境温度下工作，并具有生物集光能力 将太阳能转化为化学能，形成地球生命所必需的化学物质，包括植物和细菌。这个 自然光合作用涉及三个主要过程：采光和激发、电子转移和氧化还原反应[20]。 受自然光合作用的启发，但不受其限制，将太阳光的能量转化为 化学能可用于构建许多先进的人工光合系统。此外，准确的反应和 自然光合作用中的程序设计也可以激励材料科学家开发新的合成方法。

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