During cold sintering Stage I, the

During cold sintering Stage I, the system can be regarded as consisting of non-contacting particles in suspension within a liquid. Regardless of whether the pressure is applied using an uniaxial or isostatic press, the powder is subjected to an isostatic pressure due to the presence of a liquid ‘matrix’. Some deviations from the ideal isostatic condition (no internal pressure gradients) are expected in UCS, where a reduced pressure is present close to the die/punches. Apart from these local pressure gradients at the tooling level, at the scale of the particles the pressure is assumed ‘pseudo-isostatic’.