Movement efficiencyA movement patte

Movement efficiencyA movement pattern is considered more efficient or econom- ical if the same movement outcome is achieved with less en- ergy expended. Direct measures of efficiency that have been used in examinations of attentional focus effects include mus- cular (electromyographic or EMG) activity, oxygen consump- tion, and heart rate. In other studies, more indirect measures such as maximum force production, movement speed, or en- durance were used.