Effort, or force, is the combinatio

Effort, or force, is the combination of expectancy instrumentality, and valence. Individuals who expect to receive highly valued outcomes if they perform well, and who expect to perform well if they exert sufficient effort, should be highly motivated employees. The components of Expectancy Theory -expectancy, instrumentality, and valence-can be multiplied together to measure individual effort. The formula for combining expectancy instrumentality, and valence, is To illustrate how this formula is used, think of an activity you are contemplating and identify the possible outcomes associated with it. Measure the valence of each outcome using a scale indicating how valuable it is to you(such as a scale ranging from -5 to +5). Then measure our perceived instrumentality(a correlation ranging from.0 to +1.0 showing the relationship between performing the activity and the outcome). Multiply the instrumentalities and valences for each outcome, sum these products, and then multiply this sum by your perceived expectancy (a probability ranging from zero to 1.0 indicating the likelihood of being able to do the activity if you make the effort). This number can be compared with other activities you are contemplating to see which has the highest value. You would be expected to do the activity with the highest value.