The role of water formation has bee

由于Pt活性表面积的损失和MEA的离聚物溶解交替发生，因此水的形成作用被认为属于“老化”类别。类似的分类适用于保水，蓄水和积水的影响。<br>在PEMFC的使用寿命期间，会发生MEA和GDL特性变化的运输，包括膜溶胀，孔隙率，碳催化剂载体和金属双极板的腐蚀。只有两个因素（例如，亚冰点温度下细胞残余水在冰中形成以及外部加湿导致的外来污染物进入）被分类为灾难性因素。这些因素可能会导致严重的后果，例如膜中毒和催化燃烧，从而导致PEMFC操作立即终止。总之，可以通过以下方式使水机制对PEMFC降解的影响最小化，甚至消除：（a）使用先进的材料（尤其是用于MEA和GDL的材料）以提高其稳定性（b）实施从电池中提取残留水的有效策略，

水的形成作用已被视为属于"老化"类别，因为Pt活动表面积的丧失和MEA的离子体溶解交替发生。类似的分类适用于蓄水、积累和<br>在PEMFC的寿命期间，发生MEA和GDL特性的改变，包括膜肿胀、孔隙、碳催化剂支撑和金属双极板腐蚀。只有两个因素，如细胞残留水在亚冻结温度下形成成冰，以及通过外部加湿获得外来污染物，被归类为灾难性因素。这些因素可导致严重的后果，如膜中毒和催化燃烧，导致PEMFC操作的立即终止。最后，水机制对PEMFC降解的影响可以最小化，甚至消除（a） 使用先进材料，特别是MEA和GDL，以提高其稳定性（b） 实施从细胞中提取残留水的有效战略，（c） 确保细胞无污染运行，防止膜中毒。

The role of water formation has been considered to fall into the‘aging’ category as the loss of Pt active surface area and ionomer dissolution of the MEA happen interchangeably. A similar classification applies to the effect of water retention, accumulation andtransport where changes in MEA and GDL properties including membrane swelling, porosity, corrosion of carbon catalyst support and metallic bipolar plates occur during the life-time of PEMFC. Only two factors, such as the formation of cell residual water into ice at subfreezing temperatures and the access of foreign contaminants by external humidification, are classified as catastrophic. These factors can lead to serious consequences such as membrane poisoning and catalytic combustion which cause an immediate termination of the PEMFC operation. In conclusion, the effect of water mechanisms on PEMFC degradation can be minimised or even eliminated by (a) using advanced materials particularly for MEA and GDL to improve their stability (b) implementing effective strategies for extracting residual water from the cell, and (c) ensuring contamination-free operation of the cell to prevent poisoning of the membrane.<br>