It remains to clarify what role dis

It remains to clarify what role disciplinary practices had in shap-ing the heuristics of my story, as well as informing my story of the heuristics. I can illustrate by returning to an unresolved crux in my story— the disagreement between Shannon and Brillouin on whether information should have the same sign as entropy or an opposing sign. When I surveyed several dozen textbooks on information the-ory to see how they treated the information/entropy crux, I found a clear division along disciplinary lines. Almost without exception, textbooks written by electrical engineers followed the Shannon- Weaver heuristic, explaining that the more uncertain a message was, the more information it could convey.19 Like Weaver, these writers withdrew from the obvious conclusion that gibberish is maximum information by saying that a mixture of surprise and certainty was needed. Also like Weaver, they did not recognize the implicit contra-diction with Shannon’s theory. On the whole, they did not devote much space to the relationship of thermodynamic entropy and infor-mational entropy.