The hybrid composite frame develope

The hybrid composite frame developed by Hong et al.consists of a structural tee, reinforcement steels, andpre-cast concrete. Previous studies verified theadvantages of the hybrid pre-cast composite structuralsystem.The hybrid composite structural system is based onsemi-dry construction techniques; this reduces theconstruction schedule, minimizes the use of temporary materials such as formwork, and leads to savings in embodied energy.10,11This method also provides solutions for the floor heightof apartment buildings with a RC Rahmen frameand demonstrates its structural and economic effi-ciency and constructability through tests andsimulations.12,13This system provides a level of architectural flexibilitythat is not offered by conventional bearing-wallstructures, and maximizes the efficiency of materialuse through the optimized relocation of structuralsteel, cast-in-place concrete, and precast concretebased on the strain compatibility approach.14,15This study investigated diverse structural systemswith building applications, including flat slabs, RCframes, lateral Smart Frames (LSFs) for dual systems,and gravity Smart Frames (GSFs) for building framesystems. Dual systems require that the moment framesbe capable of resisting at least 25% of the design seismic forces, and building frame systems are essentiallycomplete space frames providing supports for verticalloads. This paper presents structural systems thatreduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption, contributing to not only efficient structural behaviour, butalso a healthy environment.