As stated in the MAPS I Guideline, a low pepsinogen I serumlevel, a low pepsinogen I/II ratio, or both, are good indicators ofatrophic changes in the gastric mucosa. A 2004 meta-analysissuggested that pepsinogen I ≤ 50 ng/mL and pepsinogen I/IIratio ≤ 3 were the best cutoff values for dysplasia diagnosis[72]. Several articles published after MAPS I confirm levels ofpepsinogens to be good indicators of extensive atrophic gastritis and of gastric cancer [73, 74]. A 2015 meta-analysis on pepsinogen tests in gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis suggesteda good correlation between decreased pepsinogen serum levelsand atrophy [75]. In this meta-analysis, the summary sensitivityand summary specificity for gastric cancer diagnosis were 0.69(95%CI 0.60 – 0.76) and 0.73 (95 %CI 0.62 – 0.82), respectively.Corresponding values for atrophic gastritis diagnosis were 0.69(95%CI 0.55 – 0.80) and 0.88 (95 %CI 0.77 – 0.94), respectively.The AUC for gastric cancer diagnosis was 0.76 (95 %CI 0.72 –0.80) and for atrophic gastritis it was 0.85 (95 %CI 0.82 – 0.88).A Fagan plot indicated that the use of pepsinogen serum levelscould moderately improve the gastric cancer and atrophy detection rate, confirming a moderate efficiency of pepsinogenserum levels for gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis diagnosis.In a subgroup analysis the authors concluded that combininglow pepsinogen I level with the pepsinogen I/II ratio is the bestway of detecting gastric cancer (AUC 0.78) and atrophic gastritis (AUC 0.87). However, different cutoff values were used,