5.6. Antibiotic-resistant genesAntibiotics are widely used in animal p的简体中文翻译

5.6. Antibiotic-resistant genesAnti

5.6. Antibiotic-resistant genesAntibiotics are widely used in animal production, and approximately 30–90% of the antibiotics used are excreted in feces and urine, thereby making animal manure a significant source of environmental antibiotics, which can potentially lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) (Heuer et al., 2011). Manure harboring antibiotic-resistant microorganisms can enter the soil after land application, which can have serious impacts on human health. Cui et al. (2016) examined the effect of biochar addition on antibiotic-resistant gene removal and found that the removal was most efficient in chicken manure containing mushroom biochar, followed by chicken manure and chicken manure containing rice straw biochar. The lower removal rate observed for rice straw biochar was explained in terms of the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. The rate at which pathogenic bacteria were removed was similar to that for ARGs, which indicates that pathogenic bacteria might have influenced the fate of ARGs.6. Recommendations for future researchFeedstock and pyrolysis conditions affect the physicochemical properties of biochar (e.g., Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore volume) and thus the performance of biochar during composting. Currently, there is no standard method recommended for the production of biochar used as amendments during the composting of livestock and poultry manure, and accordingly, the development of a standard method would benefit all researchers working in this area. Once a standard method is made available, recommendations can be made to farmers, who may want to use biochar to improve their composting systems. In addition to developing a standard production method, adopting a recognized classification scheme would be beneficial, as the term ‘‘biochar” spans a large collection of potentially chemically distinct forms of compounds. The availability of feedstocks, energy requirements and environmental risks of field-scale applications should be also investigated. An emerging issue relating to the application of compost is the release of antibiotic-resistant genes into the environment. A larger number of studies that examine the effects of biochar use on the elimination of antibiotic-resistant genes, particularly during manure composting, would be beneficial. Furthermore, to date, no studies have reported on the use of biochar in animal mortality composting. Accordingly, investigating the effects of biochar amendment on temperature development and the elimination of pathogens during the composting of animal mortalities will potentially contribute to limiting or preventing the spread of animal disease outbreaks.
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5.6。抗生素抗性基因<br>抗生素广泛用于动物的生产,和所使用的抗生素大约30-90%在粪便和尿排泄,由此使得动物粪便的环境抗生素显著源,其可以潜在地导致的抗生素抗性基因的出现(参数)(雅等人,2011)。粪便携带抗生素抗性微生物可以进入土地申请后的土壤,这可能会对人体健康造成严重影响。崔等人。(2016)研究生物炭的加入对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果,发现除去是最高效的鸡粪含有蘑菇生物炭,接着鸡粪和含有稻草生物炭鸡粪。对于稻草生物炭中观察到的低移除速率在丰致病菌方面进行了说明。<br>6.未来研究的建议<br>原料和热解条件影响生物炭(例如,布鲁诺 - 埃梅特 - 特勒表面积和孔体积)的物理化学性质,因此生物炭的堆肥过程中的性能。目前,推荐用于生产畜禽粪便堆肥过程中使用的生物炭的修正案没有标准的方法,因此,标准方法的发展将受益于这一领域工作的所有的研究人员。一旦一个标准的方法可用,建议可以给农民,谁可能希望使用生物炭,以提高他们的堆肥系统进行。除了开发标准的制造方法中,采用公认的分类方案将是有益的,因为生物炭“跨度大集合的化合物的潜在的化学上不同的形式的术语“”。原料,能源需求和领域的规模应用环境风险的可用性也应调查。有关堆肥的应用一个新问题是抗生素抗性基因的释放到环境中。的研究,探讨对抗生素耐药性基因消除,特别是在堆肥生物炭的使用效果数量较多,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。能源需求和领域的规模应用环境的风险也应调查。有关堆肥的应用一个新问题是抗生素抗性基因的释放到环境中。的研究,探讨对抗生素耐药性基因消除,特别是在堆肥生物炭的使用效果数量较多,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。能源需求和领域的规模应用环境的风险也应调查。有关堆肥的应用一个新问题是抗生素抗性基因的释放到环境中。的研究,探讨对抗生素耐药性基因消除,特别是在堆肥生物炭的使用效果数量较多,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。有关堆肥的应用一个新问题是抗生素抗性基因的释放到环境中。的研究,探讨对抗生素耐药性基因消除,特别是在堆肥生物炭的使用效果数量较多,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。有关堆肥的应用一个新问题是抗生素抗性基因的释放到环境中。的研究,探讨对抗生素耐药性基因消除,特别是在堆肥生物炭的使用效果数量较多,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。特别是在堆肥,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。特别是在堆肥,将是有益的。此外,迄今为止,还没有研究报道了在动物死亡率堆肥利用生物炭。因此,动物死亡的堆肥过程中调查的温度发展和病原体消除生物炭修正案的影响将可能有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。
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5.6. Antibiotic-resistant genes<br>Antibiotics are widely used in animal production, and approximately 30–90% of the antibiotics used are excreted in feces and urine, thereby making animal manure a significant source of environmental antibiotics, which can potentially lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) (Heuer et al., 2011). Manure harboring antibiotic-resistant microorganisms can enter the soil after land application, which can have serious impacts on human health. Cui et al. (2016) examined the effect of biochar addition on antibiotic-resistant gene removal and found that the removal was most efficient in chicken manure containing mushroom biochar, followed by chicken manure and chicken manure containing rice straw biochar. The lower removal rate observed for rice straw biochar was explained in terms of the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. The rate at which pathogenic bacteria were removed was similar to that for ARGs, which indicates that pathogenic bacteria might have influenced the fate of ARGs.<br>6. Recommendations for future research<br>Feedstock and pyrolysis conditions affect the physicochemical properties of biochar (e.g., Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore volume) and thus the performance of biochar during composting. Currently, there is no standard method recommended for the production of biochar used as amendments during the composting of livestock and poultry manure, and accordingly, the development of a standard method would benefit all researchers working in this area. Once a standard method is made available, recommendations can be made to farmers, who may want to use biochar to improve their composting systems. In addition to developing a standard production method, adopting a recognized classification scheme would be beneficial, as the term ‘‘biochar” spans a large collection of potentially chemically distinct forms of compounds. The availability of feedstocks, energy requirements and environmental risks of field-scale applications should be also investigated. An emerging issue relating to the application of compost is the release of antibiotic-resistant genes into the environment. A larger number of studies that examine the effects of biochar use on the elimination of antibiotic-resistant genes, particularly during manure composting, would be beneficial. Furthermore, to date, no studies have reported on the use of biochar in animal mortality composting. Accordingly, investigating the effects of biochar amendment on temperature development and the elimination of pathogens during the composting of animal mortalities will potentially contribute to limiting or preventing the spread of animal disease outbreaks.
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5.6条。抗生素耐药基因<br>抗生素在动物生产中被广泛使用,大约30-90%的抗生素被排泄在粪便和尿液中,从而使动物粪便成为环境抗生素的重要来源,这可能导致抗生素耐药基因(ARGs)的出现(Heuer等人,2011年)。土壤施用后,含有抗生素抗性微生物的粪便会进入土壤,严重影响人类健康。Cui等人。(2016)研究了添加生物炭对抗生素抗性基因去除的影响,发现在含有蘑菇生物炭的鸡粪中去除效果最好,其次是鸡粪和含有稻草生物炭的鸡粪。从病原菌的数量上解释了稻草生物炭去除率较低的原因。病原菌去除率与ARGs相似,表明病原菌可能影响ARGs的命运。<br>6。对未来研究的建议<br>原料和热解条件影响生物炭的物理化学性质(如Brunauer-Emmett-Teller比表面积和孔容),从而影响生物炭在堆肥过程中的性能。目前,在畜禽粪便堆肥过程中,没有推荐用于生产作为改良剂的生物炭的标准方法,因此,开发一种标准方法将有利于在该领域工作的所有研究人员。一旦标准方法可用,就可以向农民提出建议,他们可能希望使用生物炭来改进他们的堆肥系统。除了开发一种标准生产方法外,采用公认的分类方案将是有益的,因为“生物炭”一词涵盖了大量可能具有不同化学性质的化合物。还应调查原料的可用性、能源需求和现场应用的环境风险。与堆肥应用相关的一个新问题是将抗生素抗性基因释放到环境中。大量的研究将有助于检验生物炭的使用对抗生素抗性基因消除的影响,特别是在肥料堆肥过程中。此外,到目前为止,还没有关于生物炭用于动物死亡堆肥的研究报告。因此,研究生物炭改良剂对动物死亡堆肥过程中温度发展和病原体清除的影响,将有助于限制或防止动物疾病暴发的传播。
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