Rain-fed plants are subjected to cy

Rain-fed plants are subjected to cycles of drought and re-watering. Thus, efficient recovery from droughtmay be among the key determinants in the success of these plants. We performed a fine-scale time courseof bulk RNA sequencing and revealed that transcriptional drought recovery is an active and rapid processinvolving activating over 3000 recovery-specific genes. We found that upon rehydration, there is a rapidmicrobial-autonomic induction of the immune system. We termed this response drought recovery-inducedimmunity (DRII). To reveal the immediate cell-type-specific responses that occur upon recovery weperformed a single-nucleus transcriptome analysis of plants recovering from drought and profiled >126,000transcriptomes. We found that the DRII response manifests in sub-populations of epidermal, trichome, andmesophyll cells immediately following rehydration. Finally, inoculation assays with Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato DC3000 demonstrated that DRII increases plant resistance against pathogens. Sincerehydration increases microbial proliferation and thus, the risk for infection, the DRII response may becrucial for plant survival in water-fluctuating environments.