SummarySubstantial empirical eviden

SummarySubstantial empirical evidence points to links between spiritual/religious factors and health in U.S. populations, although the processes by which these relationships occur are poorly understood, and evidence is sometimes exaggerated. Methodologically sound research on linkages among spirituality, religion, and health is warranted, feasible, and timely. It can be useful in health research to distinguish spirituality from religion, and much more research has been done on the latter than on the former. A wide range of psychometrically sound instruments is available for measuring spiritual/religious variables in research and can be included in larger health studies at minimal cost. Rigorous prospective hypothesis-testing research is also needed to clarify the extent to which and the means by which spiritual and religious factors influence health.