When the reaction is complete, valv

When the reaction is complete, valve C is opened, and the stop syringe plunger is then pushed down to purge the stop syringe of its contents (gray arrow). Valve C is then closed, valves A and B are opened, and the drive mechanism is moved down to fill the drive syringes with solution (black arrows). At this point, the apparatus is ready for another rapid mixing experiment. The entire apparatus can be placed under the control of a computer, which can also collect and analyze the data. Stopped-flow mixing has been used for fundamental studies of rapid reactions and for routine kinetic determinations of analytes involved in fast reactions. The principles of fluid dynamics that make stopped-flow mixing possible as well as the solution-handling capabilities of this and other similar devices are used in many contexts for automatically mixing solutions and measuring analyte concentrations in numerous industrial and clinical laboratories.