Immune response to coronavirusesand SARS-CoV-2The immunological correlates of protection and diseasefor SARS-2 are still being defined in this nascent field.Yet certain lessons can be taken from the related SARS-1 and other coronaviruses (Prompetchara et al. 2020).The initiation of the immune response begins throughactivation of pattern recognition receptors expressed byhost cells. These pattern recognition receptors distinguish host from viral material by binding unique molecular determinants or by sensing inappropriate cellularlocations of biomolecules. For coronaviruses, the keypattern recognition receptors are (1) Toll-like receptor 7,which is activated by RNA in endosomes (CervantesBarragan et al. 2007; Sheahan et al. 2008); (2) RIG-I andMDA-5, which recognize cytosolic viral RNA that isdouble-stranded, contain a 5’-triphosphate group, and/or lack a 5’ methyl cap (Zust et al. 2011); and (3) thecGAS-STING pathway, which recognizes cytosolicDNA (Sun et al. 2012). The latter of these three groupsof sensors does not directly sense material from RNAviruses but rather is likely activated by cellular damageand mitochondrial DNA release caused by viral infection (Sun et al. 2017). Upon activation, these patternrecognition sensors initiate a signaling cascade thatleads to expression of type I IFN and other inflammatorycytokines. Type I IFN in turn induces an antiviral stateby inducing key interferon-stimulated genes that limit
Immune response to coronaviruses<br>and SARS-CoV-2<br>The immunological correlates of protection and disease<br>for SARS-2 are still being defined in this nascent field.<br>Yet certain lessons can be taken from the related SARS-<br>1 and other coronaviruses (Prompetchara et al. 2020).<br>The initiation of the immune response begins through<br>activation of pattern recognition receptors expressed by<br>host cells. These pattern recognition receptors distinguish host from viral material by binding unique molecular determinants or by sensing inappropriate cellular<br>locations of biomolecules. For coronaviruses, the key<br>pattern recognition receptors are (1) Toll-like receptor 7,<br>which is activated by RNA in endosomes (CervantesBarragan et al. 2007; Sheahan et al. 2008); (2) RIG-I and<br>MDA-5, which recognize cytosolic viral RNA that is<br>double-stranded, contain a 5’-triphosphate group, and/<br>or lack a 5’ methyl cap (Zust et al. 2011); and (3) the<br>cGAS-STING pathway, which recognizes cytosolic<br>DNA (Sun et al. 2012). The latter of these three groups<br>of sensors does not directly sense material from RNA<br>viruses but rather is likely activated by cellular damage<br>and mitochondrial DNA release caused by viral infection (Sun et al. 2017). Upon activation, these pattern<br>recognition sensors initiate a signaling cascade that<br>leads to expression of type I IFN and other inflammatory<br>cytokines. Type I IFN in turn induces an antiviral state<br>by inducing key interferon-stimulated genes that limit
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