We selected 25 patients in our hospital and initially screened out suspicious cases through routine blood examinations. Peripheral blood images of suspicious cases can infer that the patients are small cell hypochromic anemia. The bone marrow of patients with microcytic anemia is proliferatively active, with small red blood cells, few cytoplasm and blue, irregular edges, small and dense nuclei, a typical phenomenon of "nucleus old and young". The average red blood cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is low, the average red blood cell volume (MCV) is low, the average red blood cell hemoglobin (MCH) is low, the bone marrow like nucleoplasmic development is unbalanced, and the iron staining is low. The patient is diagnosed as iron deficiency anemia. The experimental diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia plays an important role in the early treatment of patients.