Figure 9 shows the WLR obtained from vehiclemodels V6, V3, V2, and V1. These wheel–rail forcesare compared with those obtained by the TTISIM program. The four types of track deformation same asthose in section ‘‘Influence of wheel–track models onwheel–rail forces’’ are taken as external excitationto the system. The running speed of the vehicle is360 km/h.