Catalytic reactions take place in various phases: in solutions, within the solutionlike confines of micelles and the molecular-scale pockets of large enzyme molecules, within polymer gels, within the molecular-scale cages of crystalline solids such as molecular-sieve zeolites, and on the surfaces of solids. This list of phases in which catalysis oceurs forms a progression from the simplest toward the most difficult to characterize in terms of exact chemical structure. A given catalytic reaction can take place in any of these phases, and the details of the mechanism will often be similar in all of them.A full account of how a catalyst works requires a description of how reactant molecules are transported to the catalyst and of how product molecules are transported away. Because the reactants and products are often concentrated in a phase separate from that holding the catalyst, it is necessary to consider transport between phases by diffusion and convection and to determine how these transport processes affect the rates of catalytic reactions. For example, in the ammonia synthesis, the reactants H2 and N2 are concentrated in the gas phase flowing through the reactor, but the catalytic reaction occurs on the surface of the iron particles. Therefore, the rate of the reaction depends not only on what happens on the surface but also on how fast the H2 and N2 are transported to the surface and how fast the ammonia is transported away. The reaction occurs on the surface in the steady state at just the rate of transport of the reactants to the surface and the rate of transport of the products from the surface.
Catalytic reactions take place in various phases: in solutions, within the solutionlike confines of micelles and the molecular-scale pockets of large enzyme molecules, within polymer gels, within the molecular-scale cages of crystalline solids such as molecular-sieve zeolites, and on the surfaces of solids. This list of phases in which catalysis oceurs forms a progression from the simplest toward the most difficult to characterize in terms of exact chemical structure. A given catalytic reaction can take place in any of these phases, and the details of the mechanism will often be similar in all of them.A full account of how a catalyst works requires a description of how reactant molecules are transported to the catalyst and of how product molecules are transported away. Because the reactants and products are often concentrated in a phase separate from that holding the catalyst, it is necessary to consider transport between phases by diffusion and convection and to determine how these transport processes affect the rates of catalytic reactions. For example, in the ammonia synthesis, the reactants H2 and N2 are concentrated in the gas phase flowing through the reactor, but the catalytic reaction occurs on the surface of the iron particles. Therefore, the rate of the reaction depends not only on what happens on the surface but also on how fast the H2 and N2 are transported to the surface and how fast the ammonia is transported away. The reaction occurs on the surface in the steady state at just the rate of transport of the reactants to the surface and the rate of transport of the products from the surface.<br>
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