Other cases of medical importanceAntibiotic resistance is first in order of importance on the growing list of examples of natural selection in clinical medicine and public health. The list also includes the following:·The evolution of metastasis in cancer·The evolution of resistance to cancer chemotherapy·The coevolution of pathogens with host defenses, leading to evasion and manipulation·The evolution of pathogen virulence in response to changes in transmission and to vaccination campaigns·The effects of medical practice on human, pathogen, and cancer evolutionNatural selection is thus both a cause of medical conditions and a consequence of medical practice.