at the time of diagnosis.2,3 Patients suspected of having UTUC need to receive invasive procedures such as computed tomography (CT) urography, retrograde pyelography, or ureteroscopy for a definitive diagnosis. Many researchers have tried to developuseful urinary markers to detect UTUC,4,5 but urine cytology still remains the only non invasive diagnostic marker recommended by many guidelines6,7 although its sensitivity for detection of UTUC is as low as 40%.8