Figure1. Possible mechanism of cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19patients. The SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells (mainly Alveolar epithelialtype 2 cells [AEC2]) through ACE2 receptor. The destruction of epithelial cells andthe increase of cell permeability lead to the release of virus. The SARS-CoV-2activate the innate immune system, macrophages and other innate immune cells notonly capture the virus, but also release a large number of cytokines and chemokinesincluding IL-6. Adaptive immunity is also activated by antigen presenting cells(mainly dendritic cells). T cells and B cells not only play an antiviral role, but alsodirectly or indirectly promote the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In addition,under the stimulation of inflammatory factors, a large number of inflammatoryexudates and erythrocytes enter the alveoli, resulting in dyspnea and respiratoryfailure.
Figure1. Possible mechanism of cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19<br>patients. The SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells (mainly Alveolar epithelial<br>type 2 cells [AEC2]) through ACE2 receptor. The destruction of epithelial cells and<br>the increase of cell permeability lead to the release of virus. The SARS-CoV-2<br>activate the innate immune system, macrophages and other innate immune cells not<br>only capture the virus, but also release a large number of cytokines and chemokines<br>including IL-6. Adaptive immunity is also activated by antigen presenting cells<br>(mainly dendritic cells). T cells and B cells not only play an antiviral role, but also<br>directly or indirectly promote the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In addition,<br>under the stimulation of inflammatory factors, a large number of inflammatory<br>exudates and erythrocytes enter the alveoli, resulting in dyspnea and respiratory<br>failure.
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