Part 3 of the seven-part series on material selection for chemical pro的简体中文翻译

Part 3 of the seven-part series on

Part 3 of the seven-part series on material selection for chemical process equipment focuses on select other materials beyond Metals (Part 1) and Plastics (Part 2). This summary of other materials includes Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP), Rubbers and Specialty Elastomers, Advanced Composites, and Technical Ceramics. Materials not in this Part 3 include products more applicable to project facility/area construction (e.g., concrete and wood), lightweight minor components (e.g., polymer foams and various material honeycombs), and more advanced/specialty materials not yet fully commercialized.Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)FRP is a composite material using thermoset polymer resins and two- or three-dimensional fiber reinforcements with product-specific curing compounds, additives, and fillers to provide individual product properties. FRP composites have been used in chemical process equipment applications for more than 70 years and continue to develop with new resin and filler/additive materials and manufacturing techniques and technologies. FRP materials are used for tanks, tank shells, piping systems, ventilation hoods and ducting and blowers/fans and scrubbers, grating/stairs/ladders, structural shapes, and many custom wet process components. Similar to thermoplastics, application-appropriate, relatively lightweight FRP materials offer chemical resistance advantages over steels and stainless steels and for many cases over higher cost metals and alloys. Depending on material market pricing and application specifics, FRP can be higher or lower installed cost* than stainless steels. FRP is an electrical insulator and does not present contact or galvanic corrosion issues. FRP materials offer application-specific strength and temperature advantages over many thermoplastics.FRP chemical process equipment can be manufactured through a range of processes, including molding, pultrusion molding, and several types of hand or automated lay-up processes. Different thermoset curing processes are also used, including combinations of catalysts or additives, heat, pressure, vacuum, or ultraviolet or other electromagnetic curing. FRP fabrication workmanship and process quality control are very important to production of quality, long-life FRP products.FRP formulations using different resins provide for a broad range of excellent chemical resistance with some higher strength and temperature properties over commodity thermoplastics. Resin types range from more common polyester to more robust vinyl ester to higher strength epoxy resins. Other resin types include polyurethane, phenolics, and furans. Fiber reinforcements, including fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aramid (e.g., Kevlar) fiber, give different strength properties. In favorable application conditions, vinyl ester or furan resin FRP pipe can be suitable for up to 200°F, and epoxy or phenolic resin FRP pipe can be suitable for up to 300°F.FRP laminate products typically consist of layers of resin and fibers (glass or other materials) with layer-specific relative compositions; for example:Inner Laminate, or Chemical Barrier Layer (CBL): This layer is in contact with the process chemistry(e.g., inside surface of a tank or pipe or duct) and protects the Structural Layer from chemical exposure. The Inner Laminate typically has a higher resin to fiber ratio (e.g., 70%|30%).Structural Layer: This layer provides load-carrying mechanical support and typically has a lower resin to fiber ratio (e.g. 30%|70%). FRP composite layers can also be built around metal or other material stiffeners or frames to provide additional strength.Top Layer: This layer, such as the CBL, has a relatively higher resin to fiber ratio to protect the Structural Layer from process chemistry splashes and spills.Gel Coat: This layer is prepared from the base resin and additives to provide a chemical resistant, high quality color finish.FRP with glass-fiber reinforcing is lightweight (approximately 25% of steel) and typically provides approximately 50% of lengthwise tensile and flexural strength of steel. FRP strength in cross-wise direction is typically much lower than lengthwise strength (e.g., 25% to 30% of lengthwise strength), unless the specific FRP product is reinforced in the cross-wise direction.In addition to catalysts and curing compounds, FRP additives can include fire retardants; UV protection; and surface enhancements, including abrasion resistance, traction enhancement, and static reduction.FRP systems can be repaired in place without arc welding (an issue for some metal equipment in hazardous areas). Coating, liner, and dual laminate applications for FRP and other materials are discussed in Part 4.Rubbers and Specialty ElastomersRubbers and specialty elastomers are any of a wide range of polymer materials that differ from polymer plastics, as they are joined by chemical bonds to yield a cross-linked structure that provides for levels
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关于化学工艺设备材料选择的七部分系列的第 3 部分侧重于选择金属(第 1 部分)和塑料(第 2 部分)以外的其他材料。其他材料的摘要包括玻璃纤维增​​强塑料 (FRP)、橡胶和特种弹性体、先进复合材料和技术陶瓷。第 3 部分中未包含的材料包括更适用于项目设施/区域建设的产品(例如混凝土和木材)、轻质次要组件(例如聚合物泡沫和各种材料蜂窝)以及尚未完全商业化的更先进/特殊材料。<br><br>玻璃纤维增​​强塑料 (FRP)<br>FRP 是一种复合材料,它使用热固性聚合物树脂和二维或三维纤维增强材料以及产品特定的固化化合物、添加剂和填料,以提供个性化的产品特性。FRP 复合材料用于化学工艺设备应用已有 70 多年的历史,并且不断开发新的树脂和填料/添加剂材料以及制造技术和技术。FRP 材料用于罐、罐壳、管道系统、通风罩和管道以及鼓风机/风扇和洗涤器、格栅/楼梯/梯子、结构形状和许多定制的湿法工艺组件。与热塑性塑料类似,适合应用的、相对较轻的 FRP 材料具有优于钢和不锈钢的耐化学性优势,并且在许多情况下优于成本较高的金属和合金。根据材料市场定价和应用细节,FRP 的安装成本可能高于或低于不锈钢。FRP 是一种电绝缘体,不存在接触或电偶腐蚀问题。与许多热塑性塑料相比,FRP 材料具有特定于应用的强度和温度优势。<br><br>FRP 化学工艺设备可以通过一系列工艺制造,包括成型、拉挤成型和多种类型的手工或自动叠层工艺。还使用不同的热固性固化工艺,包括催化剂或添加剂、热、压力、真空或紫外线或其他电磁固化的组合。FRP 制造工艺和过程质量控制对于生产优质、长寿命的 FRP 产品非常重要。<br><br>使用不同树脂的 FRP 配方提供了广泛的优异耐化学性,并具有比普通热塑性塑料更高的强度和温度特性。树脂类型范围从更常见的聚酯到更坚固的乙烯基酯再到更高强度的环氧树脂。其他树脂类型包括聚氨酯、酚醛树脂和呋喃。纤维增强材料,包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维或芳纶(例如 Kevlar)纤维,提供不同的强度特性。在有利的应用条件下,乙烯基酯或呋喃树脂 FRP 管可适用于高达 200°F,环氧树脂或酚醛树脂 FRP 管可适用于高达 300°F。<br><br>FRP 层压板产品通常由树脂和纤维(玻璃或其他材料)层组成,具有特定层的相关成分;例如:<br><br>内层压板或化学屏障层 (CBL):该层与工艺化学物质<br>(例如,储罐或管道或管道的内表面)接触并保护结构层免受化学物质的影响。内层压板通常具有较高的树脂与纤维比率(例如,70%|30%)。<br><br>结构层:该层提供承载机械支撑,通常具有较低的树脂与纤维比率(例如 30%|70%)。FRP 复合材料层也可以围绕金属或其他材料加强筋或框架建造,以提供额外的强度。<br>顶层:此层(例如 CBL)具有相对较高的树脂与纤维比率,以保护结构层免受工艺化学品飞溅和溢出的影响。<br>凝胶涂层:该层由基础树脂和添加剂制成,可提供耐化学腐蚀的高品质色彩饰面。<br>采用玻璃纤维增​​强的 FRP 重量轻(约为钢的 25%),通常提供钢的约 50% 的纵向拉伸和弯曲强度。FRP 横向强度通常远低于纵向强度(例如,纵向强度的 25% 至 30%),除非特定 FRP 产品在横向方向上得到增强。<br><br>除了催化剂和固化化合物外,FRP 添加剂还可以包括阻燃剂;紫外线防护;和表面增强,包括耐磨性、牵引力增强和静电减少。<br><br>FRP 系统可以在没有电弧焊的情况下就地修理(危险区域中的某些金属设备的问题)。FRP 和其他材料的涂层、衬里和双层压板应用在第 4 部分中讨论。<br><br>橡胶和特种弹性体<br>橡胶和特种弹性体是与聚合物塑料不同的多种聚合物材料中的任何一种,因为它们通过化学键连接到产生提供水平的交联结构
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Part 3 of the seven-part series on material selection for chemical process equipment focuses on select other materials beyond Metals (Part 1) and Plastics (Part 2). This summary of other materials includes Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP), Rubbers and Specialty Elastomers, Advanced Composites, and Technical Ceramics. Materials not in this Part 3 include products more applicable to project facility/area construction (e.g., concrete and wood), lightweight minor components (e.g., polymer foams and various material honeycombs), and more advanced/specialty materials not yet fully commercialized.Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)FRP is a composite material using thermoset polymer resins and two- or three-dimensional fiber reinforcements with product-specific curing compounds, additives, and fillers to provide individual product properties. FRP composites have been used in chemical process equipment applications for more than 70 years and continue to develop with new resin and filler/additive materials and manufacturing techniques and technologies. FRP materials are used for tanks, tank shells, piping systems, ventilation hoods and ducting and blowers/fans and scrubbers, grating/stairs/ladders, structural shapes, and many custom wet process components. Similar to thermoplastics, application-appropriate, relatively lightweight FRP materials offer chemical resistance advantages over steels and stainless steels and for many cases over higher cost metals and alloys. Depending on material market pricing and application specifics, FRP can be higher or lower installed cost* than stainless steels. FRP is an electrical insulator and does not present contact or galvanic corrosion issues. FRP materials offer application-specific strength and temperature advantages over many thermoplastics.FRP chemical process equipment can be manufactured through a range of processes, including molding, pultrusion molding, and several types of hand or automated lay-up processes. Different thermoset curing processes are also used, including combinations of catalysts or additives, heat, pressure, vacuum, or ultraviolet or other electromagnetic curing. FRP fabrication workmanship and process quality control are very important to production of quality, long-life FRP products.FRP formulations using different resins provide for a broad range of excellent chemical resistance with some higher strength and temperature properties over commodity thermoplastics. Resin types range from more common polyester to more robust vinyl ester to higher strength epoxy resins. Other resin types include polyurethane, phenolics, and furans. Fiber reinforcements, including fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aramid (e.g., Kevlar) fiber, give different strength properties. In favorable application conditions, vinyl ester or furan resin FRP pipe can be suitable for up to 200°F, and epoxy or phenolic resin FRP pipe can be suitable for up to 300°F.FRP laminate products typically consist of layers of resin and fibers (glass or other materials) with layer-specific relative compositions; for example:Inner Laminate, or Chemical Barrier Layer (CBL): This layer is in contact with the process chemistry(e.g., inside surface of a tank or pipe or duct) and protects the Structural Layer from chemical exposure. The Inner Laminate typically has a higher resin to fiber ratio (e.g., 70%|30%).Structural Layer: This layer provides load-carrying mechanical support and typically has a lower resin to fiber ratio (e.g. 30%|70%). FRP composite layers can also be built around metal or other material stiffeners or frames to provide additional strength.Top Layer: This layer, such as the CBL, has a relatively higher resin to fiber ratio to protect the Structural Layer from process chemistry splashes and spills.Gel Coat: This layer is prepared from the base resin and additives to provide a chemical resistant, high quality color finish.FRP with glass-fiber reinforcing is lightweight (approximately 25% of steel) and typically provides approximately 50% of lengthwise tensile and flexural strength of steel. FRP strength in cross-wise direction is typically much lower than lengthwise strength (e.g., 25% to 30% of lengthwise strength), unless the specific FRP product is reinforced in the cross-wise direction.In addition to catalysts and curing compounds, FRP additives can include fire retardants; UV protection; and surface enhancements, including abrasion resistance, traction enhancement, and static reduction.FRP systems can be repaired in place without arc welding (an issue for some metal equipment in hazardous areas). Coating, liner, and dual laminate applications for FRP and other materials are discussed in Part 4.Rubbers and Specialty ElastomersRubbers and specialty elastomers are any of a wide range of polymer materials that differ from polymer plastics, as they are joined by chemical bonds to yield a cross-linked structure that provides for levels<br>
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化学加工设备材料选择系列的第3部分集中于选择除金属(第1部分)和塑料(第2部分)以外的其他材料。其他材料的总结包括玻璃纤维增强塑料(FRP)、橡胶和特种弹性体、先进复合材料和技术陶瓷。第3部分以外的材料包括更适用于项目设施/区域建设的产品(如混凝土和木材)、轻质次要部件(如聚合物泡沫和各种材料蜂窝)以及尚未完全商业化的更先进/特殊材料。玻璃纤维增强塑料玻璃钢是一种复合材料,使用热固性聚合物树脂和二维或三维纤维增强材料,以及特定产品的固化化合物、添加剂和填料,以提供单独的产品性能。玻璃钢复合材料在化工设备中的应用已经超过70年,并且随着新的树脂和填料/添加剂材料以及制造技术和工艺的发展而不断发展。玻璃钢材料用于储罐、罐壳、管道系统、通风罩和管道、鼓风机/风扇和洗涤器、格栅/楼梯/梯子、结构形状以及许多定制的湿法工艺部件。与热塑性塑料类似,适合应用的、相对轻质的玻璃钢材料提供了优于钢和不锈钢的耐化学性优势,并且在许多情况下优于较高成本的金属和合金。根据材料市场价格和应用的具体情况,玻璃钢的安装成本*可能高于或低于不锈钢。玻璃钢是一种电绝缘体,不会出现接触或电偶腐蚀问题。与许多热塑性塑料相比,玻璃钢材料具有特定应用的强度和温度优势。玻璃钢化学加工设备可以通过一系列工艺制造,包括成型、拉挤成型和几种类型的手工或自动叠层工艺。也使用不同的热固性固化工艺,包括催化剂或添加剂的组合、加热、加压、真空或紫外线或其他电磁固化。玻璃钢制造工艺和过程质量控制对生产高质量、长寿命的玻璃钢产品非常重要。与普通热塑性塑料相比,使用不同树脂的玻璃钢配方具有更高的强度和温度性能,并具有广泛的优异耐化学性。树脂类型从更普通的聚酯到更坚固的乙烯基酯,再到更高强度的环氧树脂。其他树脂类型包括聚氨酯、酚醛树脂和呋喃。纤维增强材料,包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维或芳族聚酰胺(如凯夫拉尔)纤维,具有不同的强度特性。在有利的应用条件下,乙烯基酯或呋喃树脂玻璃钢管道可适用于高达200°F,环氧或酚醛树脂玻璃钢管道可适用于高达300°F。玻璃钢层压板产品通常由树脂层和纤维层(玻璃或其他材料)组成,具有特定层的相关成分;例如:内层,或化学阻挡层(CBL):该层与过程化学接触(例如,储罐或管道或导管的内表面)并保护结构层免受化学暴露。内层板通常具有较高的树脂纤维比(例如70%|30%)。结构层:该层提供承载机械支撑,通常具有较低的树脂纤维比(例如30%|70%)。玻璃钢复合材料层也可以围绕金属或其他材料加强件或框架建造,以提供额外的强度。顶层:这一层,如CBL,具有相对较高的树脂纤维比,以保护结构层免受工艺化学物质的飞溅和溢出。凝胶涂层:该层由基础树脂和添加剂制成,以提供耐化学性、高质量的彩色涂层。玻璃纤维增强玻璃钢重量轻(约为钢的25%),通常可提供钢纵向拉伸和弯曲强度的约50%。纤维增强塑料在横向的强度通常比纵向强度低得多(例如,纵向强度的25%至30%),除非特定纤维增强塑料产品在横向得到增强。除了催化剂和固化化合物,玻璃钢添加剂可以包括阻燃剂;紫外线防护;和表面增强,包括耐磨性、牵引力增强和静电减少。玻璃钢系统无需电弧焊即可就地修复(对于危险区域的一些金属设备来说,这是一个问题)。第4部分讨论了玻璃钢和其他材料的涂层、内衬和双层应用。橡胶和特种弹性体橡胶和特种弹性体是不同于聚合物塑料的多种聚合物材料中的任何一种,因为它们通过化学键结合在一起,产生提供水平的交联结构
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