Were we confronted with only an obs

如果我們只面對一個晦澀的概念，我們沒有理由認為它很重要，我們可能有理由將它交給思想史的瓦爾哈拉，在那裡與無數社會學獨創性的古怪永恆結合。無論多麼方便，這種傾向都是輕率的，因為我們可以很容易地註意到喬治·霍曼斯、克勞德·列維-施特勞斯和雷蒙德·弗斯等學者以及早期作家賦予互惠概念的重要性。像塗爾幹、馬克思、莫斯、馬林諾夫斯基和馮維塞，僅舉幾位大師。因此，本文的目的是：（1）表明互惠的概念被默許參與但被正式忽視的方式現代功能理論；（2）澄清概念並展示其多樣化的知識內容，從而促進其理論應用和研究效用；(3) 提出具體的方法，闡明的概念為分析社會學理論的核心問題提供了新的槓桿，即解釋社會系統的穩定性和不穩定性。

Were we confronted with only an obscure concept, which we had no reason to assume to be important, we might justifiably consign it to the Valhalla of intellectual history, there to consort eternally with the countless incunabula of sociological ingenuity. How- ever convenient, such a disposition would be rash, for we can readily note the importance attributed to the concept of reciprocity by such scholars as George Homans, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Raymond Firth,") as well as by such earlier writers as Durkheim, Marx, Mauss, Malinowski, and von Wiese, to name only a few masters. Accordingly, the aims of this paper are: (1) to indicate the manner in which the concept of reciprocity is tacitly involved in but formally neglected by modern functional theory; (2) to clarify the concept and display some of its diverse intellectual contents, thus facilitating its theoretical employment and research utility; and (3) to suggest concretely ways in which the clarified concept provides new leverage for analysis of the central problems of sociological theory, namely, accounting for stability and instability in social systems.<br>

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