在 DIKW 中，数据产生于对目标的观察和记录，是对时间、空间、事件和

在 DIKW 中，数据产生于对目标的观察和记录，是对时间、空间、事件和其他概念或对象的描述，是离散、彼此不相关的庞杂无意义的东西。在未形成有用的形式之前，数据并不具有可用性。整体而言，数据可以分为事实、信号和符号三类。从事实角度出发，如果所有的事实都是真实和正确的观察，那么并不是所有的数据都可称之为事实。无意义的、错误的和非感知的数据，都不属于事实；从信号角度出发，如果信号可以被人的感知系统所感知，那么数据也可定义为人的感知系统所接收到的能量波或如光、热、声等量粒子。从符号的角度出发，数据是用来保存或记录场景和事件的符号。例如，年龄、姓名等是用来记录人属性的数据单位，是一种记录符号。所以，年龄和姓名并不是知识，而仅仅是一类数据，除了记录的功能外，并不具有其他功能。信息强调数据的意义和目标性。信息所具有的意义和目标性，决定了其可以为用户的决策和行动提供信息内容的支持。此外，信息是结构化的数据，这意味着信息可以与特定的目标和场景相结合，并在场景和目标的结合中展示其价值和意义。信息还具有象征性和主体性的特征。知识是隐晦的、难以描述和定义的概念，是经过处理、组织和应用后的信息。知识源自信息，但并不是对信息进行简单的累加，而是在基于过去经验的基础上所作出的判断。因此，信息并不是知识的父集。智慧相较于知识而言更具有启示性的特征。相较于知识，智慧更强调其启示性，强调对知识进行评估和理解，智慧可用来提高有效性和价值和知识不同，智慧更强调人生哲学上的能力。DIKW的步骤如图2.2所示，通过原始的观察积累了数据；在分析的基础上获得了信息，可以用来回答简单的描述性问题；知识对于行动具有指导作用；在经过对知识的理解、去伪存真后，最终形成了智慧。智慧是关于未来的认知；数 据、信息和理解则是关于过去的认知。值得注意的是，情景、语境和接收者对于数据、信息和知识的传递非常重要。经过加工的某条数据对于A来说可能是简单的信息，而对 B 却可能仅仅是数据。系统A输出的处理信息A对于另一个系统B来说，却可能是原始数据。因此，DIKW的使用需要结合具体的场景和语境。

In dikw, data comes from the observation and recording of targets. It is a description of time, space, events and other concepts or objects. It is a complex and meaningless thing that is discrete and irrelevant to each other. Data is not available until it forms a useful form. On the whole, data can be divided into facts, signals and symbols. From the perspective of facts, if all facts are true and correct observations, not all data can be called facts. Meaningless, wrong and non perceived data are not facts; From the perspective of signal, if the signal can be perceived by the human perception system, the data can also be defined as the energy wave or particles such as light, heat and sound received by the human perception system. From the perspective of symbols, data is symbols used to save or record scenes and events. For example, age, name, etc. are data units used to record people's attributes. They are recording symbols. Therefore, age and name are not knowledge, but just a kind of data. They have no other functions except the function of recording. Information emphasizes the significance and purpose of data. The significance and goal of information determine that it can provide information content support for users' decision-making and action. In addition, information is structured data, which means that information can be combined with specific goals and scenes, and show its value and significance in the combination of scenes and goals. Information also has the characteristics of symbolism and subjectivity. Knowledge is an obscure concept that is difficult to describe and define. It is information after processing, organization and application. Knowledge comes from information, but it is not a simple accumulation of information, but a judgment based on past experience. Therefore, information is not the parent set of knowledge. Wisdom is more enlightening than knowledge. Compared with knowledge, wisdom emphasizes its enlightenment and the evaluation and understanding of knowledge. Wisdom can be used to improve effectiveness and value. Unlike knowledge, wisdom emphasizes the ability of life philosophy. The steps of dikw are shown in Figure 2.2, and data are accumulated through original observation; The information obtained on the basis of analysis can be used to answer simple descriptive questions; Knowledge plays a guiding role in action; After understanding knowledge, eliminating the false and preserving the true, wisdom is finally formed. Wisdom is the cognition of the future; Data, information and understanding are about past cognition. It is worth noting that the situation, context and receiver are very important for the transmission of data, information and knowledge. A piece of processed data may be simple information for a, but it may only be data for B. The processing information a output by system a may be original data for another system B. Therefore, the use of dikw needs to be combined with specific scenes and contexts.

In DIKW, data comes from the observation and recording of targets, which is the description of time, space, events and other concepts or objects, and it is a discrete, irrelevant, complicated and meaningless thing. Data is not available until it is in a useful form. On the whole, data can be divided into facts, signals and symbols. From a factual point of view, if all facts are true and correct observations, then not all data can be called facts. Meaningless, erroneous and non-perceptual data are not facts; From the signal point of view, if the signal can be perceived by human perception system, then the data can also be defined as energy waves received by human perception system or particles such as light, heat and sound. From the perspective of symbols, data is a symbol used to save or record scenes and events. For example, age, name, etc. are data units used to record people's attributes, and are recording symbols. Therefore, age and name are not knowledge, but just a kind of data, which has no other functions except the function of recording. Information emphasizes the significance and goal of data. The significance and goal of information determines that it can provide information content support for users' decisions and actions. In addition, information is structured data, which means that information can be combined with specific goals and scenes, and its value and significance can be displayed in the combination of scenes and goals. Information is also symbolic and subjective. Knowledge is an obscure concept that is difficult to describe and define, and it is information after being processed, organized and applied. Knowledge comes from information, but it is not a simple accumulation of information, but a judgment based on past experience. Therefore, information is not the parent set of knowledge. Wisdom is more enlightening than knowledge. Compared with knowledge, wisdom emphasizes its revelation, evaluation and understanding of knowledge. Wisdom can be used to improve effectiveness and value, which is different from knowledge. Wisdom emphasizes the ability in philosophy of life. The steps of DIKW are shown in Figure 2.2, and data are accumulated through original observation. On the basis of the analysis, information is obtained, which can be used to answer simple descriptive questions. Knowledge plays a guiding role in action; After understanding knowledge, eliminating falsehood and preserving truth, wisdom is finally formed. Wisdom is cognition about the future; Data, information and understanding are cognition about the past. It is worth noting that the situation, context and receiver are very important for the transmission of data, information and knowledge. A piece of processed data may be simple information for A, but it may only be data for B. The processing information A output by system A may be the original data for another system B. Therefore, the use of DIKW needs to be combined with specific scenes and contexts.