These results suggest that remote IPC produces renoprotective effects in renal IRI throughmultiple mechanisms rather than one specific pathway. Remote IPC produces expressionchanges in genes related to inflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors, apoptosis, oxidation and antioxidation, ion channels and aquaporins, metabolism, and the cytoskeleton. Ourdata suggest that the complement system, the coagulation cascade, and various cytokines andcytokine receptors are the major mechanisms of remote IPC. The changes in these pathwayswere more pronounced when renal IRI was performed 24 hours after remote IPC rather thanimmediately afterwards. This study did not determine the optimal time frame to performremote IPC prior to renal IRI; however, our results provide further evidence that remote IPC isrenoprotective for renal IRI. Future studies will focus on elucidating the optimal time window for remote IPC and further defining the functional roles of the various genes identified in thisstudy.