CIN StudieRisk FactorsNumerous studies have attempted to isolate risk factors for CIN. There is consensus that the most importantrisk factor is pre-existing severe renal insufficiency [3,4,15,39,61]. Multiple other risk factors have beenproposed, including diabetes mellitus, dehydration, cardiovascular disease, diuretic use, advanced age, multiplemyeloma, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and multiple iodinated contrast medium doses in a short time interval(