3. Mg-REs based alloysThe key point of modification of Mg-Al based alloys for improvingcreep resistance is to arrest the Al atoms through addition of other solutes that have high affinity with Al to inhibit the formation of Mg17Al12.However, so far research has shown that the increment is limited andthe alloys can only be used below 175 °C. Another approach to developcreep resistant Mg alloys is to develop Al-free alloys. They are normallyassociated with high ageing response and can be used after gravity casting to minimize the cost. For higher temperature applications, severalMg-Th based alloys were developed by Magnesium Elektron Ltd., suchas the HK31 and HZ32 alloys [10]. They were reported to have goodcreep resistance at temperatures up to 350 °C, which was attributed tothe ordered precipitates formed during ageing. However, the radioactivity of Th restricted its usage in Mg alloys. Previous research hasbeen focused on lanthanide series elements and yttrium. In terms ofthe number of valence electrons of the REs, REs-containing Mg alloysare categorized into two groups [3, 10]. The first is the Ce group (LaEu) with two valence electrons and the second is the Y group (Y andGd-Lu) with three valence electrons. Elements in the Y group have a higher solid solubility in Mg than those in the Ce group, and alloying ofMg with solutes in the Y group leads to better ageing response resultingfrom the formation of metastable coherent precipitates [88–90]. Upuntil now, the highest elevated temperature performance of Mg alloyshas been achieved through addition of solutes in Y group, such as Yand Gd. Unfortunately, the excessive cost of this type of REs has limitedthe industry applications of Mg alloys containing the Y group alloyingelements to gravity castings. Compared with the Y group, metals inthe Ce group are generally lower cost and there is the potential to usethese elements to produce creep-resistant alloys for HPDC. Althoughtechnically not belonging to either the Y group or the Ce groups, Scandium (Sc) has also been widely investigated in the attempt to developcreep-resistant Mg alloys and promising results have been found (covered more details in Section 2.4).3.1. Mg-REs based alloys for HPDCAlthough Mg-Al based alloys are attractive to HPDC due to their highcastability, as previously established it is the Al solute that is the majorcause of low creep resistance. To completely eliminate the negative influence of Al, Elektron Ltd. in UK successfully developed a number ofnon-Al containing HPDC Mg alloys, of which the MEZ (Mg-2.5RE-0.3Zn-0.3Mn) alloy is the benchmark, exhibiting good creep resistancesuperior to AE42 (Mg-4Al-2REs) at 175 °C [53, 91]. Fig. 9 shows thecreep curves of both the MEZ and AE42 alloys in tension and compression creep tests. At lower temperature and stress (150 °C and70 MPa), the creep behaviours of both alloys were very close. However,at higher temperature and/or higher stress (175 °C and 80/100 MPa),the MEZ showed improved creep resistance. It was considered thatthe Mg12RE intermetallic compound that formed in the interconnectedeutectic structure along grain boundaries was responsible for the bettercreep resistance than AE42 since Mg12RE was more stable than Al11RE3[91]. The dominant creep mechanism was determined as dislocationclimbing at 150 and 175 °C at stress levels below 70 MPa (n = 5.5 and7.2 respectively). Higher stress levels resulted in the power law breakdown [53].
3. Mg-REs based alloysThe key point of modification of Mg-Al based alloys for improvingcreep resistance is to arrest the Al atoms through addition of other solutes that have high affinity with Al to inhibit the formation of Mg17Al12.However, so far research has shown that the increment is limited andthe alloys can only be used below 175 °C. Another approach to developcreep resistant Mg alloys is to develop Al-free alloys. They are normallyassociated with high ageing response and can be used after gravity casting to minimize the cost. For higher temperature applications, severalMg-Th based alloys were developed by Magnesium Elektron Ltd., suchas the HK31 and HZ32 alloys [10]. They were reported to have goodcreep resistance at temperatures up to 350 °C, which was attributed tothe ordered precipitates formed during ageing. However, the radioactivity of Th restricted its usage in Mg alloys. Previous research hasbeen focused on lanthanide series elements and yttrium. In terms ofthe number of valence electrons of the REs, REs-containing Mg alloysare categorized into two groups [3, 10]. The first is the Ce group (LaEu) with two valence electrons and the second is the Y group (Y andGd-Lu) with three valence electrons. Elements in the Y group have a higher solid solubility in Mg than those in the Ce group, and alloying ofMg with solutes in the Y group leads to better ageing response resultingfrom the formation of metastable coherent precipitates [88–90]. Upuntil now, the highest elevated temperature performance of Mg alloyshas been achieved through addition of solutes in Y group, such as Yand Gd. Unfortunately, the excessive cost of this type of REs has limitedthe industry applications of Mg alloys containing the Y group alloyingelements to gravity castings. Compared with the Y group, metals inthe Ce group are generally lower cost and there is the potential to usethese elements to produce creep-resistant alloys for HPDC. Althoughtechnically not belonging to either the Y group or the Ce groups, Scandium (Sc) has also been widely investigated in the attempt to developcreep-resistant Mg alloys and promising results have been found (covered more details in Section 2.4).3.1. Mg-REs based alloys for HPDCAlthough Mg-Al based alloys are attractive to HPDC due to their highcastability, as previously established it is the Al solute that is the majorcause of low creep resistance. To completely eliminate the negative influence of Al, Elektron Ltd. in UK successfully developed a number ofnon-Al containing HPDC Mg alloys, of which the MEZ (Mg-2.5RE-0.3Zn-0.3Mn) alloy is the benchmark, exhibiting good creep resistancesuperior to AE42 (Mg-4Al-2REs) at 175 °C [53, 91]. Fig. 9 shows thecreep curves of both the MEZ and AE42 alloys in tension and compression creep tests. At lower temperature and stress (150 °C and70 MPa), the creep behaviours of both alloys were very close. However,at higher temperature and/or higher stress (175 °C and 80/100 MPa),the MEZ showed improved creep resistance. It was considered thatthe Mg12RE intermetallic compound that formed in the interconnectedeutectic structure along grain boundaries was responsible for the bettercreep resistance than AE42 since Mg12RE was more stable than Al11RE3[91]. The dominant creep mechanism was determined as dislocationclimbing at 150 and 175 °C at stress levels below 70 MPa (n = 5.5 and7.2 respectively). Higher stress levels resulted in the power law breakdown [53].<br>
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