ERW pipes are produced from roll fo

ERW管是通过辊压成型生产的，这是一种经济高效的板材成型技术。有限元（FE）方法已广泛用于金属成形的设计和实现中，以预测成形零件中应力和应变的分布[9,10]。Kim等。[11]建立了一个刚性-塑性有限元模型来预测厚管轧制的初始带材的边缘形状。江等。[12]使用显式弹塑性有限元模型模拟了保持架的整个轧制过程，并研究了带钢的变形。UOE工艺是制造大直径，厚壁和高强度纵向埋弧焊管的最有效方法。任等人。[13]建立了UOE形成过程的二维（2D）有限元模型。<br>关于在大型管线形成过程的模拟中使用三维（3D）模型的报道很少。高等。[14]和罗等。[15]建立了二维有限元模型来研究管道的JCO成形过程，并研究了应力分布和适当的冲头位移。测量大口径管道的残余应力极为困难，并且应力的演化规律尚未完全揭示。任等人。[16]通过中子衍射技术测量了管道中的残余应力。他们表示，对于这么大的组件，残余应力测量需要大量的准备和计划。Chen等。[17]研究了I型残余应力对管线钢点蚀和应力腐蚀裂纹形成的影响。结果表明，拉伸残余应力是裂纹形核的大机械驱动力，且裂纹扩展短，对管线钢的安全性和使用寿命产生不利影响。由于金属薄板的回弹，弯曲过程受多种因素影响。因此，很难准确地预测JCO成形后的管子形状。日野等。[18]研究了两层板在拉伸弯曲过程中的回弹。实验和分析结果表明，JCO成形后管的形状与板弯曲过程中的回弹有关。层板的回弹力受层之间的强度差，弱/强层的相对位置，年厚度比，和拉力作用在层压板上。Ling等。[19]研究了模具参数对回弹的影响。因此，有必要通过数值计算来讨论管材成型后的应力和形状。此外，高等。[20]指出，有限元方法有助于在新管道的开发和设计阶段快速获得合适的JCO成形工艺参数。随后，它可以提高工件的质量，缩短设计周期并降低生产前测试的成本。在实际生产中，在成形过程中坯料的应力和变形将转移到下一个过程中。首先，成形应力的大小会影响后续焊接过程的质量，其次，远离焊接位置，管道中的应力分布主要是由成型过程引起的。管道通常用于运输腐蚀性的石油和天然气，并且在运输过程中承受较大的工作压力。生产过程中残余应力和工作应力的叠加可能会导致管道局部变形，从而影响其使用。另外，应力腐蚀是管道损坏的主要形式之一。因此，当残余拉应力较高时，会影响管道的承载能力，加速管道的腐蚀破坏，最终影响管道的使用寿命。使用有限元方法研究管道成型过程，整个过程中应力的演变以及管道每个位置处的残余应力的分布将是众所周知的。这些将为开发相对较好的应力分布和较小的拉伸残余应力过程提供指导。

ERW管采用卷成型生产，是板材成型技术中一种经济、高效的方法。有限元（FE）方法在金属成型的设计和实现中得到了广泛的应用，用于预测成形部分[9，10]中应力和应变的分布。Kim等人[11] 建立了一个刚性塑料 FE 模型，用于预测厚管辊成形的初始条带的边缘形状。江等人[12]使用显式弹性塑料FE模型模拟了笼的整个滚动成形过程，并研究了带状变形。UOE 工艺是制造大直径、厚壁、高强度纵向浸入电弧焊管最有效的方法。Ren等人[13]建立了UOE成形过程的二维（2D）FE模型。对工艺参数、摩擦系数和材料性能对槽位和椭圆的影响进行了数值研究。<br>关于三维（3D）模型在大规模管道成形过程仿真中应用的报告很少。高等人[14]和罗等人[15]建立了2D FE模型，研究管道的JCO成形过程，并研究了应力分布和适当的冲孔位移。测量大直径管线的残余应力极其困难，应力演化规律未充分揭示。Ren等人[16]通过中子衍射技术测量了管道中的残余应力。他们说，对于如此大的部件，残余应力测量需要大量准备和规划。陈等人[17]研究了第一型残余应力对管道钢点蚀和应力腐蚀裂纹形成的影响。结果表明，拉伸残余应力是裂纹成核和短裂纹传播的一大机械驱动力，对管道钢的安全和使用寿命产生了不利影响。由于钣金的回弹，弯曲过程受到多种因素的影响;因此，在JCO形成后，很难准确预测管子的形状。Hino等人[18]研究了双层板的拉弯过程中弹簧。实验和分析结果表明，JCO成形后管的形状与板材弯曲过程中回弹有关。板层压板的回弹受到层之间的强度差、弱/强层的相对位置、年度厚度比以及作用于层压板的拉伸力的显著影响。Ling等人[19]研究了模具参数对回弹的影响。因此，有必要通过数值计算来讨论管道成形后的压力和形状。此外，Gao等人[20]指出，FE方法有助于在开发和设计中迅速获得适当的JCO成型工艺参数。

ERW pipes are produced from roll forming, which is an economical and highly productive method in plate forming technology. The finite element (FE) method has been widely used in the design and implementation of metal forming to predict the distribution of the stress and strain in the formed part [9,10]. Kim et al. [11] established a rigid–plastic FE model to predict the edge shape of the initial strip for a thick tube roll forming. Jiang et al. [12] simulated the entire rolling forming process of a cage using an explicit elastic–plastic FE model, and studied the strip deformation. The UOE process is the most effective method for manufacturing large-diameter, thick-wall, and high-strength longitudinally submerged arc welded pipes. Ren et al. [13] established a two-dimensional (2D) FE model of the UOE forming process. The effects of the process parameters, friction coefficient, and material properties on the slotting and ellipticity were studied numerically.There are few reports on the application of a three-dimensional (3D) model in the simulation of large-scale pipeline forming processes. Gao et al. [14] and Luo et al. [15] established 2D FE models to study the JCO forming process of a pipe and studied the stress distribution and appropriate punch displacement. It is extremely difficult to measure the residual stress of large-diameter pipeline, and the evolution law of stress is not fully revealed. Ren et al. [16] measured the residual stress in a pipeline via the neutron diffraction technology. They stated that, for such large components, residual stress measurement required tremendous preparation and planning. Chen et al. [17] studied the effect of the type I residual stress on the pitting corrosion and stress corrosion crack formation of pipeline steel. The results showed that the tensile residual stress was a large mechanical driving force for the crack nucleation and short crack propagation, adversely affecting the safety and service life of pipeline steel. Owing to the springback in a sheet metal, the bending process is affected by numerous factors; hence, it is difficult to accurately predict the shape of a tube after the JCO forming. Hino et al. [18] studied the springback in the draw-bending process of a two-layer plate. The experimental and analytical results exhibited that the shape of the tube after the JCO forming was related to the springback in the plate bending process. The springback of plate laminates is significantly influenced by the strength difference between the layers, relative positions of the weak/strong layers, annual thickness ratio, and tensile force acting on the laminates. Ling et al. [19] studied the effect of die parameters on the springback. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the stress and shape of a pipe after forming by numerical calculation. In addition, Gao et al. [20] stated that the FE method was helpful in rapidly obtaining the appropriate JCO forming process parameters in the development and design stages of new pipelines. It subsequently allowed to improve the quality of the work piece, shorten the designing period, and cut down the cost of the pre-production testing. In an actual production, the stress and deformation of a billet in the forming process will be transferred to the next process. First, the size of the forming stress will affect the quality of the subsequent welding process, and second, far from the welding position, the distribution of the stress in the pipeline is mainly caused by the forming process. Pipelines are frequently used to transport corrosive oil and gas, and they endure large working stresses during transportation. The superposition of the residual stress and working stress in the production process may cause a local deformation of the pipeline, which will affect its use. In addition, stress corrosion is one of the main forms of pipeline damage. Therefore, when the residual tensile stress is high, it will affect the bearing capacity of the pipeline, accelerate the corrosion damage of the pipeline, and ultimately affect the service life of the pipeline. Using the FE method to study a pipe forming process, the evolution of the stress throughout the process and the distribution of the residual stress at each location of the pipe will be known clearly. These will provide guidance for developing comparatively better stress distributions and smaller tensile residual stress processes.<br>