Among them, ϕ 1 and V1 are the volume fraction and expected volume of the initial nanofluid. Among them, 2 and V2 are the volume fractions and volumes of specific nanofluids.
Where 1 and V1 are the volume fraction and expected volume of the initial nanofluid. Where 2 and V2 are the volume fraction and volume of a specific nanofluid.