Learning StrategiesTraining can use different combinations of inductive and deductive reasoning to help learners learn, as summarized in Exhibit 10. The funnel approach applies general theories to specific situations using deductive reasoning, while the inverted funnel does just the opposite. The hourglass uses a combination of deductive reasoning at first, followed by inductive reasoning to discover new principles. The tunnel strategy involves the systematic presentation of information that must be committed to memory.