There are many learning principles

There are many learning principles from which to choose, but we nar-row our focus to five that have particularly strong empirical support. First,effective instructors require students to become active participants in theirown learning by asking them to construct deep explanations, justifications,and reasons for what they think and do. Second, learning is grounded in theeffective use of examples. Third, collaborative problem solving increases notonly specific problem-solving abilities but general metacognitive under-standing of how, when, and why to use problem-solving strategies. Fourth,effective instruction uses feedback that is commensurate with performance(that is, neither too much nor too little feedback is provided to learnersdepending on their performance). Fifth, effective instruction has embeddedwithin it motivational components that enhance self-efficacy and perceivedchallenge.