The integration of Building Information Models (BIM) in environments such as Geographic Information System (GIS) is currently one of the main investigated research problem in the urban spatial information community. Among the several issues that are involved in the adequate realisation of such type of integration, one particularly relevant to the GIS world is the geo-referencing of data coming from the BIM domain. The latter, which is inherited from the Computer Aided Design (CAD) world, oft... 更多KEYWORDS:Geo-referencing BIM-GIS integration; 3D urban model; Geographical environment; Digital twins; JOURNAL:Computers, Environment and Urban Systems