One could object that findings from Study 2 do not so much testify to the effectiveness of the verticality schema and its embodied basis, but rather relate to the specific background image (i.e., a skyscraper) selected. Specifically, it is not unlikely that skyscrapers have become symbols of glamour and city life. Arguably then, the luxury connotation of the ad’s background is not so much the resultant of the vertical shape but rather of this association between skyscrapers and glamour. Hence, Study 3 seeks to replicate the findings from Study 2 with nonfigurative stimuli (i.e., stimuli free of common associations).