The significant effects were observ

The significant effects were observed for wet runs only in the analysis with one outlier removed, which was detected in interspace treatment for mild slope in 2015. On moderate slope plots in 2015, runoff responses on the pile, lop-scatter, and interspace treatments were significantly higher compared to the control (figure 3). The significant effect on runoff may be explained by greater litter depths and cover for the pile, lop-scater, and interspace plots (table 1). Litter, a major element of forest understory cover (Lee 1980; Martin and Moody 2001; Schüler 2006), is primarily composed of residual conifer needles and small woody materials that are likely to decrease runoff by absorbing water (Fernald et al. 2012). Additionally, if we combine the runoff ratio means for both pile and interspace plots since these plots were randomly distributed in the same area, a significant treatment effect is detected for the response variable. In this case, pile and lopscatter treatments had significantly higher runoff ratios compared to the control.