In contrast to the above findings, it has been shown that implicit spatial cues can interfere with perception of targets at the compatible location. For instance, Estes et al. (2008) presented observers with words referring to objects typically perceived above or below the visual midline (e.g., HAT, BOOTS), followed by a letter target (X or O) presented above or below fixation. They found slower and less accurate processing on cue–target compatible trials (e.g., HAT and target above) than on incompatible trials. This interference, Estes et al. reasoned, resulted from the perceptual simulation evoked by the cues. Because these perceptual simulations are spatially specific, engaging upward or downward attentional orienting in the simulation process, they selectively interfered with the target processing only at the compatible location.