Fecal species-specific qPCR, the most sensitive method, revealed a significant fecal expansion during probiotics administration of the 11-probiotic species when considered together, with 7 of 11 species being significantly elevated from baseline when analyzed separately during consumption (BBR, BIN, LAC, LCA, LLA, LPL, and LRH; Figure 3C). This probiotic-species expansion was significant compared to both aFMT and spontaneous recovery (Figures 3D and S5F). Even 5 months after probiotics cessation, several probiotics species remained elevated in stools of the probiotics-supplemented group compared to baseline (Figures 3D and S5F).