In 1809, Sweden lost Finland to Russia while Norway was forced into a union with Sweden. Russia wanted the right to keep on fishing in Norwegian fjords but this was denied by Norway (Wikipedia 2020). In 1852 Russia answered by cutting off all relationships with Norway, causing regions in Torne Valley (on the Finnish-Russian side) to be excluded from Norwegian Sámi's traditional pasture lands and vice versa. About 400 individuals from Norwegian Kautokeino area then started to change nationality to Swedish and settled in the parish of Karesuando, simply to gain access to previous pasture regions in Finland, since Russia said that Swedish Sámi could enter Finland. This lasted until 1889, when Russia closed the border between Sweden and Finland also for Swedish Sámi. This means that only one border remained open in Sápmi for the Sámi reindeer herders: the Swedish-Norwegian (Lantto 2014).