One feature of the instrument which

One feature of the instrument which is worthy of highlighting is our approach to measure ‘doing.’ A common limitation of survey type of study is that it heavily relies on self-reported data. As such, usually it is easier to measure “knowing” rather than “doing”. For example, in the scale of understanding under functional consuming, we are interested in whether respondents know how to perform a literacy-related task. Therefore the items are phrased to measure their knowing (e.g., “I can recall main ideas after watching a video clip.”)