Research on the interaction of technology and autonomy in informal learning con- texts is an emerging field. It has arisen partly as a result of the recent movement toward greater recognition of learner roles in learner autonomy development and technology-enhanced language learning (Reinders & White, 2016) and partly from the observation that learners’ use of technology for language learning beyond the class- room has become commonplace across K–12 and university sectors (Lai, 2017).