The analysis also explicitly contro

The analysis also explicitly controlled for the proportion of a scientist's research performed in a commercially relevant subfield, as indicated by citations from patents to subfield articles.11 Subfields with higher-than-median patent citations per article were deemed more commercially relevant. For example, the less commercial field 'photosyn thesis' explores biologically significant and distinctive aspects of plants; while the more commercial field 'terpines' examine a class of biologically inessential protein substances that are used to produce economically important commodities like turpentine and rub ber.12 Finally, all models control for the research citations accruing to all articles within the scientist's subfields, both as a flow - the flurry of citations received in the last year - and as a stock - the total citations received prior to the last year. The citation lowtraces current excitement about research in the subfield, while citation stock indicates the historical importance of that research.