Human fibrinogen polymerized into a porous gel by enzymatic reaction with thrombin was formulated to encapsulate functional and viable T cells that can be released locally after the gel was formed in situ in the tumor resection cavity (Fig. 1A). To evaluate whether the pores distributed throughout the fibrin gel network accommodate the loading of T cells, fibrin gel was quickly formed by mixing the solution containing fibrinogen with T cells and the solution containing thrombin. The entrapment of the T cells in the pores of the cross-linked fibrin gel was confirmed using cryo–scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) imaging (Fig. 1B). In addition, upon polymerization, confocal microscopy revealed that encapsulated T cells were uniformly distributed within the fluorescein-labeled fibrinogen (Fig. 1C).