and III. Each domain can be divided into two subdomains, A and B, paired by 17 disulfide bonds (Zhang, Zhou, Lou, Pan, & Shi, 2016). Site I and site II are the main binding sites for ligands, which are located in subdomain IIA and IIIA, respectively (Sudlow, Birkett, & Wade, 1975, 1976). Moreover, there are many functional groups on the structure of BSA, such as thiol, amine, and carboxyl groups. Therefore, the surface of BSA is easily activated by functional groups and can bind to a large number of drugs (Ghosh & Dey, 2015; Phan, Bartelt-Hunt, Rodenhausen, Schubert, & Bartz, 2015). Because of these advantages mentioned above, BSA is widely used in microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation (Fang et al., 2011). Wang, Liu, Xu, Yin, and Yao (2016) prepared BSA-dextran emulsion to protect curcumin and they found that the bioavailability of curcumin was increased. Fang et al. (2011) used BSA nanoparticle to encapsulate quercetin. It was found that BSA nanoparticle can promote the stability and keep the antioxidant activity of quercetin. Yan et al. (2020) prepared a ternary covalent conjugate consisting of emulsifiers (BSA, chlorogenic acid and dextran) and fat-soluble antioxidant (vitamin E) to encapsulate lutein and found the bioaccessibility and stability of lutein were improved.
and III. Each domain can be divided into two subdomains, A and B, paired by 17 disulfide bonds (Zhang, Zhou, Lou, Pan, & Shi, 2016). Site I and site II are the main binding sites for ligands, which are located in subdomain IIA and IIIA, respectively (Sudlow, Birkett, & Wade, 1975, 1976). Moreover, there are many functional groups on the structure of BSA, such as thiol, amine, and carboxyl groups. Therefore, the surface of BSA is easily activated by functional groups and can bind to a large number of drugs (Ghosh & Dey, 2015; Phan, Bartelt-Hunt, Rodenhausen, Schubert, & Bartz, 2015). Because of these advantages mentioned above, BSA is widely used in microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation (Fang et al., 2011). Wang, Liu, Xu, Yin, and Yao (2016) prepared BSA-dextran emulsion to protect curcumin and they found that the bioavailability of curcumin was increased. Fang et al. (2011) used BSA nanoparticle to encapsulate quercetin. It was found that BSA nanoparticle can promote the stability and keep the antioxidant activity of quercetin. Yan et al. (2020) prepared a ternary covalent conjugate consisting of emulsifiers (BSA, chlorogenic acid and dextran) and fat-soluble antioxidant (vitamin E) to encapsulate lutein and found the bioaccessibility and stability of lutein were improved.<br>
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