The links between chronic inflammation and cancer are numerous, complex, and bidirectional. On one hand, chronic inflammation is a common denominator of envi- ronmental and behavioral factors that are considered critical initiators of most human cancers, such as pathogens, obesity, tobacco, alcohol, benzene, arsenic, vinyl chloride, asbestos, and others (1). On the other hand, chronic inflammation is also present in the microenvironment of tumors that are not epidemiologically related to inflamma- tion; cancer-related inflammation is indeed now regarded as a new hallmark of cancer(2) and a decisive player in all the stages of tumor development (3). In this chapter we focus specifically on asbestos-induced chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis, discussing possible mechanisms of action of asbestos exposure, and concluding with suggestions on potential therapeutic targets.